Exploring Code-Switching Practices in Vietnamese Classrooms: An Introductory Investigation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61320/jolcc.v2i2.147-162Abstract
This study delves into the nuanced practice of code-switching (CS) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms in Vietnam, examining its implications for language learning from both educators' and learners' perspectives. Through a mixed-methods approach, involving surveys and interviews with 225 ESL students and 8 experienced ESL lecturers at a renowned public university in Ho Chi Minh City, this research illuminates the multifaceted role of CS in enhancing comprehension, engagement, and linguistic proficiency. The findings reveal a general preference among students for a balanced use of English and Vietnamese, underscoring the pedagogical value of strategic CS in facilitating understanding and reducing the affective filter in language learning. Educators' narratives highlight the benefits and challenges of CS in maintaining English exposure while accommodating diverse learner needs. The study also uncovers emerging issues, such as the impact of digital and online learning environments on CS practices and the influence of external expectations on educators' language use decisions. By integrating insights from existing literature, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic interplay between language use and educational outcomes in bilingual settings, advocating for flexible, learner-centered teaching approaches that accommodate the evolving landscape of language education.
References
Adler, R. M., Valdés Kroff, J. R., & Novick, J. M. (2020). Does integrating a code-switch during
comprehension engage cognitive control? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46(4), 741-757. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/xlm0000755
Akhtar, S., Baig, F. Z., Aslam, M. Z., Khan, T., Tayyaba, S., & Iqbal, Z. (2020). Code-switching
and identity: A sociolinguistic study of Hanif’s novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(1), 364-371. doi:10.5539/ijel.v10n1p364
Alshayban, A., & Alghammas, A. (2020). Allowing or Refusing the Use of a Student's Mother
Tongue in an English Learning Classroom: An Explorative Study. TESOL International Journal, 15(4), 7-36. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1329505.pdf
Aparece, M. L., & Bacasmot, J. B. (2023). Analyzing the Impacts of Code-switching on Foreign
Language Classroom Anxiety and English Language Problems through Path Analysis. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 41(1), 1-17. doi:10.9734/ajess/2023/v41i1883
Beisenbayeva, L. (2020). Using the Mother Tongue in Foreign-Language Learning: Secondary
School Students in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Instruction, 13(3), 605-616. doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13341a
Broersma, M., Carter, D., Donnelly, K., & Konopka, A. (2020). Triggered codeswitching:
Lexical processing and conversational dynamics. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(2), 295-308. doi:10.1017/S1366728919000014
De la Fuente, M. J., & Goldenberg, C. (2022). Understanding the role of the first language (L1)
in instructed second language acquisition (ISLA): Effects of using a principled approach to L1 in the beginner foreign language classroom. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 943-962. doi:10.1177/1362168820921882
Dinh, N.L. N. & Pham, T. H. N. (2020). PRIMARY TEACHERS’ CODE-SWITCHING IN EFL
CLASSROOMS. European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 5(2). 72-93.
doi: 10.46827/ejfl.v5i2.3375
Ezeh, N. G., Umeh, I. A., & Anyanwu, E. C. (2022). Code Switching and Code Mixing in Teaching
and Learning of English as a second language: Building on knowledge. English Language Teaching, 15(9), 106-113. doi: 10.5539/elt.v15n9p106
Gallagher, F. (2020). Considered in context: EFL teachers’ views on the classroom as a
bilingual space and codeswitching in shared-L1 and in multilingual contexts. System, 91, 142-156. doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102262
Gempeso, H. D. P., & Mendez, J. D. S. (2021). Constructive Alignment of Mother Tongue-Based
Multilingual Education (MTB MLE) Language Policy Implementation to the Practices of a Multilingual Classroom. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 4(2), 125-137. doi:10.12928/eltej.v4i2.4234
Goodman, B., & Tastanbek, S. (2021). Making the shift from a codeswitching to a
translanguaging lens in English language teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 55(1), 29-53. doi:10.1002/tesq.571
Han, X., Li, W., & Filippi, R. (2022). The effects of habitual code-switching in bilingual
language production on cognitive control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 25(5), 869-889. doi:10.1017/S1366728922000244
Hawa, S., Suryani, S., Susiani, R., Dauyah, E., & Majid, A. H. (2021). University students’
perception toward the use of the mother tongue in the EFL classrooms. Studies in English Language and Education, 8(3), 1094-1110. doi:10.3390/languages7030196
Kheder, S., & Kaan, E. (2021). Cognitive control in bilinguals: Proficiency and code-switching
both matter. Cognition, 209, 104575. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104575
Köylü, Z. (2020). Understanding tertiary level EFL instructors' codeswitching behavior.
Pedagogic and Instructional Perspectives in Language Education: The Context of Higher Education. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341001495
Kremin, L. V., Alves, J., Orena, A. J., Polka, L., & Byers-Heinlein, K. (2022). Code-switching in
parents’ everyday speech to bilingual infants. Journal of Child Language, 49(4), 714-740. doi:10.1017/S0305000921000118
Kuzyk, O., Friend, M., Severdija, V., Zesiger, P., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2020). Are there cognitive
benefits of code-switching in bilingual children? A longitudinal study. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(3), 542-553. doi:10.1017/S1366728918001207
Kumar, T., Nukapangu, V., & Hassan, A. (2021). Effectiveness of code-switching in language
classroom in India at primary level: a case of L2 teachers’ perspectives. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 11(4), 379-385. doi:10.47750/pegegog.11.04.37
Le, T. N. H. (2022). A Study on Code-Switching in Oral and Texting Interaction and
Communication of University Lecturer and Students. International Journal of TESOL & Education, 2(3), 149-166. doi:10.54855/ijte.222310
Leighton, M. (2022). Mother tongue reading materials as a bridge to literacy. Economics of
Education Review, 91, 102312. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2022.102312
Liu, H., Garcia, L. P., Zhang, X., Khong, A. W., & Khudanpur, S. (2024, April). Enhancing code-
switching speech recognition with interactive language biases. In ICASSP 2024-2024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (pp. 10886-10890). IEEE. doi:10.1109/ICASSP48485.2024.10448335
MacSwan, J., & Faltis, C. J. (2020). Codeswitching in the classroom: Critical perspectives on
teaching, learning, policy, and ideology (p. 310). Taylor & Francis. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/77147/9781315401096.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
May, L. M., & Aziz, A. A. (2020). Teachers' use of code-switching in ESL classrooms at a
Chinese vernacular primary school. International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 9(1), 41-55. doi:10.18488/journal.23.2020.91.41.55
Muthusamy, P., Muniandy, R., Kandasam, S. S., Hussin, O. H., Subramaniam, M., & Farashaiyan,
A. (2020). Factors of Code-Switching among Bilingual International Students in Malaysia. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(4), 332-338. doi:10.5430/ijhe.v9n4p332
Nawaz, N., Atta, A., & Naseem, N. (2023). The impact of code-switching in affective support
and learners' success in Pakistani ESL classrooms at university level. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 8(1). doi:10.24200/jonus.vol8iss1pp95-116
Neokleous, G., Krulatz, A., & Xu, Y. (2022). The impact of teacher education on English
teachers’ views about using mother tongues: A teachers’ perspective. Languages, 7(3), 196. doi:10.3390/languages7030196
Nguyen, L., Mayeux, O., & Yuan, Z. (2023). Code-switching input for machine translation: a
case study of Vietnamese–English data. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1-22. doi:10.1080/14790718.2023.2224013
Nguyen, L., Yuan, Z., & Seed, G. (2022). Building educational technologies for code-switching:
Current practices, difficulties, and future directions. Languages, 7(3), 220. doi:10.3390/languages7030220
Novianti, R., & Said, M. (2021). The use of code-switching and code-mixing in the English
teaching-learning process. Deiksis, 13(1), 82-92. doi:10.30998/deiksis.v13i1.8491
Pintado Gutiérrez, L. (2021). Translation in language teaching, pedagogical translation, and
code-switching: restructuring the boundaries. The Language Learning Journal, 49(2), 219-239. doi:10.1080/09571736.2018.1534260
Sameen, S., Farid, A., & Hussain, M. S. (2021). A critical discourse analysis of the impact of
code-switching on modern adult language learners' motivation in Pakistan. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(S1), 109-121. doi:10.3316/informit.166703526283433
Shafi, S., Kazmi, S. H., & Asif, R. (2020). Benefits of code-switching in language learning
classroom at the University of Education Lahore. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 7(1), 227-234. doi:10.21744/irjmis.v7n1.842
Siddiq, R. A., Kustati, M., & Yustina, L. S. (2020). Teachers’ code mixing and code switching:
insights on language barriers in EFL classroom. Al-Ta'lim Journal, 27(1), 80-91. doi:10.15548/jt.v27i1.606
Treffers-Daller, J., & Ongun, Z. (2020). Explaining individual differences in executive
functions performance in multilinguals: The impact of code-switching and alternating between multicultural identity styles. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 561088. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561088
Vu, V. T. (2021). Code Switching in English Language Teaching and Learning in a Multilingual
Society in Vietnam. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Educational Studies, 16(1), 79-94. doi:10.18848/2327-011X/CGP/v16i01
Younas, M., Afzaal, M., Noor, U., Khalid, S., & Naqvi, S. (2020). Code Switching in ESL Teaching
at University Level in Pakistan. English Language Teaching, 13(8), 63-73. doi:10.5539/elt.v13n8p63
Zainil, Y., & Arsyad, S. (2021). Teachers’ perception of their code-switching practices in
English as a foreign language classes: The results of stimulated recall interview and conversation analysis. Sage Open, 11(2), 215-238. doi:10.1177/21582440211013802
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nguyen Thi Dan Tam
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
License and Copyright Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:
- Their co-authors authorize them to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- That its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
Copyright
Authors who publish in the Journal of Linguistics, Culture, and Communication agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citation of published work.
Licensing for Data Publication
Journal of Linguistics, Culture, and Communication use a variety of waivers and licenses that are specifically designed for and appropriate for the treatment of data:
- Open Data Commons Attribution License, http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/ (default)
- Creative Commons CC-Zero Waiver, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
- Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and Licence, http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/pddl/1-0/
Other data publishing licenses may be allowed as exceptions (subject to approval by the editor on a case-by-case basis) and should be justified with a written statement from the author, which will be published with the article.